1. WHY IS THE LAND IMPORTANT TO INDIAN CIVILIZATION? Because there land was ancient to there civilization and when the Aryans came in and took over there land they weren't able to defend it. After the Aryans took over the defended and protected the land but made the caste system. 2. WHY IS INDIA'S RIVER VALLEY IMPORTANT? The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE. Farming settlements began around 4000 BCE and around 3000 BCE there appeared the first signs of urbanization. By 2600 BCE, dozens of towns and cities had been established, and between 2500 and 2000 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak. 3. WHAT WERE HARAPPA AND MOHENJO-DARO LIKE? Monhejo-Daro and Harappa . The civilization of the Indus River at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa arose at about 2500 BCE and ended with apparent destruction about 1500 BCE. It is uncertain whether this civilization had its roots in Sumer or Sumer had its roots in this civilization. 4. WHAT WAS HARAPPA SOCIETY LIKE? The Indus Valley civilization was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. Both Monhenjo-Daro and Harappa are generally characterized as having "differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers." 5. WHO WERE THE ARYANS? In the 18th century, the most ancient known indo-european languages were those of the ancient Indo-Iranians. The word Aryan was therefore adopted to refer not only to the Indo-Iranian peoples, but also to native Indo-European speakers as a whole, including the Romans, Greeks, and the Germans. 6. WHAT CHANGES DO THE ARYANS BRING? India was invaded around 1500 BCE by a group of people known as the Aryans. They conquered the primary inhabitants of India, who were knows as the Dayus (Sharma 844). The Aryans were comprised of quite different physical and cultural features in contrast to the Dayus; the Aryans were a white race and the Dayus were a dark race (Sharma 846). 7. WHAT IS THE CASTE SYSTEM? The caste system as it exists today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the Mughal era and the British Colonial in India. The collapse of the Mughal era saw the rise of powerful men who associated themselves with kings, priests and ascetics, affirming the regal and martial form of the caste ideal, and it also reshaped many apparently casteless social groups into differentiated caste communities. The British Raj furthered this development, making rigid caste organisation a central mechanism of administration. 8. WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THE DIFFERENT SOCIAL CLASSES IN INDIA?The caste system as it exists today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the Mughal era and the British colonial in India. The collapse of the Mughal era saw the rise of powerful men who associated themselves with kings, priests and ascetics, affirming the regal and martial form of the caste ideal, and it also reshaped many apparently casteless social groups into differentiated caste communities. The British Raj furthered this development, making rigid caste organisation a central mechanism of administration. 9. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF MEN AND WOMEN IN INDIA? Women were not treated as fair as men were. Men were valued more than women, and overall were preferred. But over time, and after the introduction of television, it has given women more freedom in their lives. Television is having a helpful effect on women in India. In the last decade, television has arrived in Indian villages, bringing with it Indian soap operas. Their female characters are well-educated, work outside the home, control their own money, and have fewer children. Women's attitudes changed quickly. Girls are encouraged to be more introverted and be homebodies.
8.2 CHINA The Chinese use a very different writing system to English. English words are made up of a collection of letters that each has its own sound. The Chinese use logograms - where a symbol represents a meaning or a word. Good examples of logograms that you might use everyday are numbers. If you see '2' written, you know that it means 'two'. A French person looking at the same symbol would say it meant 'deux'. The basic principles behind Chinese writing have remained unchanged for thousands of years. Each character consists of a number of strokes or lines set inside an imaginary square. Thousands of bones from the Shang dynasty have been unearthed with writing on them. Many of the characters on these bones still exist (in a slightly altered state) today.